7 Currently, 4.1% of new tuberculosis cases are considered to be multi-drug resistant. 10 – 12 Furthermore, drug resistance to tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and typhoid fever are increasing every year and substantially contribute to the high costs of individuals’ health as well as the health care systems around the world, particularly in developing countries. 1 In addition, multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) has made the treatment of different infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infections more challenging. One of the most well-known cases of AMR, Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has been associated with high mortality rates every year across the globe. 2 Since the effectiveness of antibiotics will be reduced due to persistence in trends of AMR, physicians should use last-resort classes of medicine such as carbapenems and polymyxins, which are not necessarily readily available in developing countries, have a high cost, and have many different side-effects. 8 Furthermore, people with chronic conditions like diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis will be heavily impacted by antibiotic resistance. 8 Antibiotic resistance compromises a human immune system’s capacity to fight infectious diseases and also contributes to different complications in vulnerable patients undergoing chemotherapy, dialysis, surgery, and joint replacement. ![]() 3 According to the CDC, more than two million people in the United States become ill with antibiotic-resistant diseases every year, resulting in a minimum of 23,000 deaths. The daunting threat of antimicrobial resistance is of particular importance in the category of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. 3, 7 Furthermore, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), antimicrobial resistance adds a 20 billion dollar surplus in direct healthcare costs in the United States, which is exclusive of about 35 billion dollars in loss of productivity annually. 3, 5, 6 For instance, just in Europe, it has been estimated that antimicrobial resistance has been correlated with more than nine billion euros per year. 4 Infection with AMR leads to serious illnesses and prolonged hospital admissions, increases in healthcare costs, higher costs in second-line drugs, and treatment failures. 1, 3 The fact that infectious diseases can no longer be treated with antibiotics depicts an unknown future in health care. 1, 2 AMR is considered a significant threat to the public health systems not just in developing countries but throughout the world. Although gaps in knowledge about AMR and areas for improvement are obvious, there is not any clearly understood progress to put an end to the persistent trends of antimicrobial resistance.Īntimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites become able to adapt and grow in the presence of medications that once impacted them. These impacts found in the sources are categorized into three different levels: patient, healthcare, and economic. Results indicated that the multifactorial threat of antimicrobial resistance has resulted in different complex issues affecting countries across the globe. ![]() The literature review, which included articles published after the year 2012, was performed using Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar with the utilization of keyword searches. Many studies have demonstrated the disastrous financial consequences of AMR including extremely high healthcare costs due to an increase in hospital admissions and drug usage. In addition, the spontaneous evolution, mutation of bacteria, and passing the resistant genes through horizontal gene transfer are significant contributors to antimicrobial resistance. ![]() Misusing and overusing different antibacterial agents in the health care setting as well as in the agricultural industry are considered the major reasons behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. ![]() In spite of different actions taken in recent decades to tackle this issue, the trends of global AMR demonstrate no signs of slowing down. I was walking down the street when out the corner of my eye I saw a pretty little thing approaching me She said, "I never seen a man, who looks so all alone Oh, could you use a little company? If you pay the right price, your evening will be nice And you can go and send me on my way.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed as one of the major urgent threats to public health causing serious issues to successful prevention and treatment of persistent diseases.
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